虚拟语气语法教学（解读手把手教你学会虚拟语气）
时间: 08-22
栏目:学习方法
什么是虚拟语气
虚拟语气(subjunctive mood)：表示所说的话不是事实，或者是不可能发生的情况，而是一种愿望、建议或与事实相反的假设等。
第一种是与事实相反，纯属假设；第二种是虽然还不是事实，但可能变为事实。
所以特别注意，不能把虚拟语气简单地理解为“不可能”的事实。表示“不可能”的虚拟用法只是虚拟语气的一部分，主要用于条件句中。
如：If I were you, I'd make a change in life.我当然无法变成你，所以这是纯粹的不可能成为事实的假设。
但在It's high time that we had dinner.中显然表达“大家应该去”，而且这种呼吁很快就会变为现实。
可见，此句表达的是说话人的一种“提醒，建议”含义的虚拟语气。
条件状语从句的虚拟语气
条件句中的虚拟语气是虚拟语气的重要内容之一，该种情况采用假设条件从而得出相应结果的方式，表达与实际事实相反的虚拟情况。
1．虚拟条件的时间分为三种：现在、过去、将来
2.混合型条件句
当条件从句与主句所表的时间不一致时，虚拟语气的形式应作相应的调整。主句和从句的谓语动词虚拟结构并不相互呼应，这种条件句叫混合条件句。较多见的混合型条件句是从句用过去完成时(指过去行为)，而主句用一般时(指目前状态)。
3．含蓄条件句
虚拟条件句中的条件从句有时不表现出来，只暗含在上下文中，这种句子叫做含蓄条件句。含蓄条件句大体有三种情况：
(1)条件暗含在短语中
(2)条件暗含在上下文中
(3)在不少情况下，虚拟式已变成习惯说法，很难找出其暗含的条件
4．不用if引导的条件从句
虚拟条件句中的条件从句除用if引导外，还可用when, unless, lest, suppose, as if, for fear, in case, on condition 等词语来引导。
如：Suppose you were given a chance to study in America, would you accept?
假如给你一个到美国学习的机会，你会接受吗？(suppose 或 supposing ＝what if)
与if一样，上述词语所引导的条件从句亦可用陈述语气，表可能实现或发生的事。
5．if 引导的非真实条件句中的谓语部分有were, had, should时，可以把if去掉，而将were, had, should提到主语的前面，构成倒装结构。
而且省略的if从句一般置于主句之前(尤其是在肯定句和否定句中)。多见于书面语。
宾语从句中虚拟语气主要有三种情况
1．表示建议，命令，请求，要求，意图含义的动词suggest, advise，insist, order，command, require，request，demand, ask，prefer 等引导宾语从句时，宾语从句用虚拟语气，句式结构为主语＋should＋动词原形，其中should可以省略。
但要suggest表“暗示，表明”，insist表示“坚决认为，坚持说”时，宾语从句用实际陈述语气。
2. wish之后的宾语从句，表示一种没有实现或根本不可能实现的愿望，常用虚拟语气。其主要形式有三种：
(1)表示对现在情况的虚拟：wish ＋ 主语 ＋ 动词过去式(be用were)；
(2)表示对过去情况的虚拟：wish ＋ 主语 ＋ had ＋ 过去分词；
(3)表示对将来情况的虚拟：wish ＋ 主语 ＋ would ＋ 动词原形。
3. would rather引导的宾语从句，从句为过去时间，动词用had done; 从句为现在时间，动词用一般过去式(be用were)；从句是将来时间，动词用一般过去式。
主语从句用虚拟语气的句式主要有三种：
1．在It is important/necessary that…等主语从句中，从句谓语动词用should＋动词原形。should此时表达“应该”的意思。
2．在It is amazing (strange, surprising, astonishing, a pity, a shame) that从句中有时也用should，此时表示说话人的惊异、懊悔、失望等情感，常含有“竟然”之意。若不用虚拟语气则不带感情色。
使用虚拟语气的表语从句句式主要有
1．The＋名词＋is/was that表语从句。这些名词是表示请求、要求、命令、建议等意义的名词
如：advice, desire, decision, idea, instruction, order, plan, proposal, recommendation, request, requirement, suggestion, wish等。
表语从句的虚拟语气结构为：(should) ＋ 动词原形。
2. It looks as if表语从句。如表达的与现在事实相反用过去式，与过去事实相反用过去完成时。
不过，要注意如果表达的内容是真实可信的，则用直陈语气，使用实际时态。
如：It is getting dark. It looks as if it is going to rain. 天变暗了，看来要下雨了(迹象表明要下雨，根据经验判断此种情况下通常会下雨)。
3. 在“名词＋that…”同位语从句中，如果名词为表示建议、劝告、命令等含义的名词如：
advice 建议，demand 要求，desire 愿望， decision 决定， idea意见， motion 提议， order命令， proposal 提议， requirement 要求， request 请求，regulation 规章， suggestion 建议等名词时，其同位语从句要用虚拟语气结构：主语＋(should) ＋动词原形
定语从句中的虚拟语气比较少见
在“是做某事的时候了”句式中从句谓语动词用should do 或过去式。
1.I________to visit him in the hospital had it been at all possible,but I________fully occupied the whole of last week.
A.would go; were B.would have gone; had been
C.would go; have been D.would have gone; was
2.I apologize if I________you , but I assure you it was unintentional.
A.offend B.had offended
C.should have offended D.might have offended
3.If you hadn’t taken such a long time to get dressed, we’d_________there by now.
A.be B.have been
C.had been D.were
4.If only I________how to operate a computer as you do!
A.had known B.would know
C.should know D.knew
5.When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it_________.
A.breaks B.has broke
C.were broken D.had been broken
6.if I________you, I_________more attention to English idioms and phrases.
A.was; shall pay B.am; will pay
C.would be; would pay D.were; would pay
7.I dare say he is not your true friend, because a true friend__________differently when you were in trouble.
A.acted B.had acted
C.would act D.would have acted
8.I lost your address, otherwise I__________you long before.
A.had visited B.have visited
C.would have visited D.should visit
9. Had Paul received six more votes in the last election , he_________our chairman now.
A.must have been B.would have been
C.were D.would be
10.The board deemed it urgent that these files__________right away.
A.had to be printed B.should have been printed
C.must be printed D.should be printed
11.It was essential that all the necessary documents_________to the president’s office before the end of this month.
A.be handed in B.should hand in
C.must be handed in D.had been handed in
12.The doctor advised that Mike__________in hospital until he was fully recovered.
A.stay B.stays
C.must stay D.had to stay
13.__________the fog, we should have reached our school.
A.Because of B.In spite of
C.In case of D.But for
14.He’s working hard for fear that he__________.
A.should fall behind B.fell behind
C.may fall behind D.would fallen behind
15.I hadn’t expected James to apologize but I had hoped__________.
A.him calling me B.that he would call me
C.him to call me D.that he call me
虚拟语气(subjunctive mood)：表示所说的话不是事实，或者是不可能发生的情况，而是一种愿望、建议或与事实相反的假设等。
第一种是与事实相反，纯属假设；第二种是虽然还不是事实，但可能变为事实。
所以特别注意，不能把虚拟语气简单地理解为“不可能”的事实。表示“不可能”的虚拟用法只是虚拟语气的一部分，主要用于条件句中。
如：If I were you, I'd make a change in life.我当然无法变成你，所以这是纯粹的不可能成为事实的假设。
但在It's high time that we had dinner.中显然表达“大家应该去”，而且这种呼吁很快就会变为现实。
可见，此句表达的是说话人的一种“提醒，建议”含义的虚拟语气。
条件状语从句的虚拟语气
条件句中的虚拟语气是虚拟语气的重要内容之一，该种情况采用假设条件从而得出相应结果的方式，表达与实际事实相反的虚拟情况。
1．虚拟条件的时间分为三种：现在、过去、将来
2.混合型条件句
当条件从句与主句所表的时间不一致时，虚拟语气的形式应作相应的调整。主句和从句的谓语动词虚拟结构并不相互呼应，这种条件句叫混合条件句。较多见的混合型条件句是从句用过去完成时(指过去行为)，而主句用一般时(指目前状态)。
3．含蓄条件句
虚拟条件句中的条件从句有时不表现出来，只暗含在上下文中，这种句子叫做含蓄条件句。含蓄条件句大体有三种情况：
(1)条件暗含在短语中
(2)条件暗含在上下文中
(3)在不少情况下，虚拟式已变成习惯说法，很难找出其暗含的条件
4．不用if引导的条件从句
虚拟条件句中的条件从句除用if引导外，还可用when, unless, lest, suppose, as if, for fear, in case, on condition 等词语来引导。
如：Suppose you were given a chance to study in America, would you accept?
假如给你一个到美国学习的机会，你会接受吗？(suppose 或 supposing ＝what if)
与if一样，上述词语所引导的条件从句亦可用陈述语气，表可能实现或发生的事。
5．if 引导的非真实条件句中的谓语部分有were, had, should时，可以把if去掉，而将were, had, should提到主语的前面，构成倒装结构。
而且省略的if从句一般置于主句之前(尤其是在肯定句和否定句中)。多见于书面语。
宾语从句中虚拟语气主要有三种情况
1．表示建议，命令，请求，要求，意图含义的动词suggest, advise，insist, order，command, require，request，demand, ask，prefer 等引导宾语从句时，宾语从句用虚拟语气，句式结构为主语＋should＋动词原形，其中should可以省略。
但要suggest表“暗示，表明”，insist表示“坚决认为，坚持说”时，宾语从句用实际陈述语气。
2. wish之后的宾语从句，表示一种没有实现或根本不可能实现的愿望，常用虚拟语气。其主要形式有三种：
(1)表示对现在情况的虚拟：wish ＋ 主语 ＋ 动词过去式(be用were)；
(2)表示对过去情况的虚拟：wish ＋ 主语 ＋ had ＋ 过去分词；
(3)表示对将来情况的虚拟：wish ＋ 主语 ＋ would ＋ 动词原形。
3. would rather引导的宾语从句，从句为过去时间，动词用had done; 从句为现在时间，动词用一般过去式(be用were)；从句是将来时间，动词用一般过去式。
主语从句用虚拟语气的句式主要有三种：
1．在It is important/necessary that…等主语从句中，从句谓语动词用should＋动词原形。should此时表达“应该”的意思。
2．在It is amazing (strange, surprising, astonishing, a pity, a shame) that从句中有时也用should，此时表示说话人的惊异、懊悔、失望等情感，常含有“竟然”之意。若不用虚拟语气则不带感情色。
使用虚拟语气的表语从句句式主要有
1．The＋名词＋is/was that表语从句。这些名词是表示请求、要求、命令、建议等意义的名词
如：advice, desire, decision, idea, instruction, order, plan, proposal, recommendation, request, requirement, suggestion, wish等。
表语从句的虚拟语气结构为：(should) ＋ 动词原形。
2. It looks as if表语从句。如表达的与现在事实相反用过去式，与过去事实相反用过去完成时。
不过，要注意如果表达的内容是真实可信的，则用直陈语气，使用实际时态。
如：It is getting dark. It looks as if it is going to rain. 天变暗了，看来要下雨了(迹象表明要下雨，根据经验判断此种情况下通常会下雨)。
3. 在“名词＋that…”同位语从句中，如果名词为表示建议、劝告、命令等含义的名词如：
advice 建议，demand 要求，desire 愿望， decision 决定， idea意见， motion 提议， order命令， proposal 提议， requirement 要求， request 请求，regulation 规章， suggestion 建议等名词时，其同位语从句要用虚拟语气结构：主语＋(should) ＋动词原形
定语从句中的虚拟语气比较少见
在“是做某事的时候了”句式中从句谓语动词用should do 或过去式。
1.I________to visit him in the hospital had it been at all possible,but I________fully occupied the whole of last week.
A.would go; were B.would have gone; had been
C.would go; have been D.would have gone; was
2.I apologize if I________you , but I assure you it was unintentional.
A.offend B.had offended
C.should have offended D.might have offended
3.If you hadn’t taken such a long time to get dressed, we’d_________there by now.
A.be B.have been
C.had been D.were
4.If only I________how to operate a computer as you do!
A.had known B.would know
C.should know D.knew
5.When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it_________.
A.breaks B.has broke
C.were broken D.had been broken
6.if I________you, I_________more attention to English idioms and phrases.
A.was; shall pay B.am; will pay
C.would be; would pay D.were; would pay
7.I dare say he is not your true friend, because a true friend__________differently when you were in trouble.
A.acted B.had acted
C.would act D.would have acted
8.I lost your address, otherwise I__________you long before.
A.had visited B.have visited
C.would have visited D.should visit
9. Had Paul received six more votes in the last election , he_________our chairman now.
A.must have been B.would have been
C.were D.would be
10.The board deemed it urgent that these files__________right away.
A.had to be printed B.should have been printed
C.must be printed D.should be printed
11.It was essential that all the necessary documents_________to the president’s office before the end of this month.
A.be handed in B.should hand in
C.must be handed in D.had been handed in
12.The doctor advised that Mike__________in hospital until he was fully recovered.
A.stay B.stays
C.must stay D.had to stay
13.__________the fog, we should have reached our school.
A.Because of B.In spite of
C.In case of D.But for
14.He’s working hard for fear that he__________.
A.should fall behind B.fell behind
C.may fall behind D.would fallen behind
15.I hadn’t expected James to apologize but I had hoped__________.
A.him calling me B.that he would call me
C.him to call me D.that he call me
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